Different Contexts In Communication Essay

†¢Social – When in a social environment you are more than likely around people who know your personality and how you communicate, if that is with jokey sarcasm, dramatic actions, being load, quietly thoughtful or any other way in which you may use your communicational skills. Because of the friendship you will have with these people and the want they feel to spend social time with you, they will understand your ways, accept them, and that is how you are able to be yourself in a comfortable relaxed atmosphere. †¢Professional – Meetings, talking with other parents/members of staff/students/outside agencies. All require professionalism; the way in which you conduct yourself should be with a friendly, but not formal attitude. Respect, listening, interest and understanding should be shown by you in body language, questions, answers and possible solutions. In some of these meetings important issues can irises and it is important that no matter what the subject is you take a high interest at getting any issues dealt with, but always keeping the situation calm and none threatening. Sarcasm, inappropriate jokes and other behaviours should be left to use in your social time; this is not the place for informal attitudes, a professional stance is required, with a level amount of understanding and respect. †¢Cultural – If a meeting has been arranged with people of a different culture if possible a little research into acceptable communicational behaviour would help, but being careful not to assume a stereotype attitude. If there is going to be a language barrier, provisions should be made. In some cultures they have very different ideas on what is offensive and polite. For example shaking hands to me is a polite way to say hello and introducing yourself, but there are cultures that find this rude, along with eye contact, (which is a big way to show you are listening in our culture) also the way in which you may be dressed could cause affence. When any of these skills in which you should conduct yourself in are crossed, this could leave the other member in your party feeling offended, unable to have the confidence to express what they are feeling and lose the trust to be able to come to you with a problem again.

The Effects of Social Media on Communication Skills

AbstractThis paper summarizes the effects of social media on hindering communication skills and reducing social activity in the world. Each reason is supported by evidence by referring to four published books and some articles online. It focuses mainly on social media via the Web, such as, Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, to which many of the youth are exposed to nowadays, and this exposure has led to addiction. This paper informs people about the issue of social media affecting communication skills and calls for means to solve this problem.The Effects of Social Media on Communication SkillsRebecca Javeleau, a 15 year-old Facebook user, meant to invite her 15 closest friends to her birthday party, but ended up inviting over 20,000 people, 8000 of which RSVP’d for the event. The birthday girl went into hiding when more than 1500 guests showed up and around 100 police officers were needed to keep the crowd under control. Did these 21000 people really know the girl? Are they reall y considered as â€Å"friends† of hers'? Modern society seems convinced that social media like Twitter and Facebook keep people connected and grow their social skills with friends and peers.But what actually these social networking sites are doing to people is that they're mutually isolating networks that part people from meaningful interactions with one another and make them less human. Many scholars see new communication technology as a threat to the discipline of interpersonal communication (Konijn et al. , 2008). Social media like Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp, and other applications are hampering our social skills. Social networking sites deteriorate communication skills because people forget proper manners as they constantly use these sites.The more time these people spend on social sites, the less time they will have to spend socializing in person. Socializing via social sites lacks body signals and other nonverbal cues such as voice quality, tone, facial expressions, an d many others, therefore it isn't an adequate replacement for face-to-face communication since these people won't be able to communicate and socialize effectively in person with one another. In the real world, the effective communication skills are key to success.A month ago, I received a friend request from a Facebook user whom I didn't know. After some days of chatting and better knowing each other, we decided to meet in person and have a real conversation. When we met in a cafe at around noon, we greeted one another and sat in our places. It was very embarrassing when we spent half an hour staring at each other and not knowing what to talk about. That is when I realized that these social networking sites are truly hindering our social interactions and the development of strong communication skills.According to Konijn et al.(2008),â€Å"Researchers speculated that CMC would lead to the sharing of impersonal messages due to the lack of facial and tonal cues† (p. 15). Therefo re we can say that social media causes effects on a person’s ability to communicate in a proper manner, which includes body signals, voice, and other cues. As Dimbleby R. & Burton G. state it (1992), â€Å"Body language tells us a lot about people's feelings, attitudes, and intentions† (p. 37). Moreover, NVC such as body signals relates to our perception of others, and relates to the idea of feedback (Dimbleby R. & Burton G. , 1992, p. 40).Another reason why these social networking sites are reducing communication skills is because they lack practice of active listening which is needed during conversations in the real world. Great communication skills take practice and that can't be done by sitting on a sofa and typing on your computer or cellphone, it can be done by appearing in person and actively communication with one another. When the news spread all around that an application was available in the market, a free application through which anyone who shares contacts can chat with each other all day long without any payment.This application was called â€Å"Whatsapp†. My friends encouraged me to download and use this application. We spent hours and days sitting at home chatting with one another. It was time to go back to school. When the teacher actually asked us to have a dialogue in the class, I realized that it was easier for me to chat on my phone instead of speaking out loud in front of everyone, which was pretty difficult to handle.It wasn't only my case, as the whole class was addicted to these kinds of applications or  messengers or sites, that cause people to be like robots, typing all day long, while a phone call could make it easier for them to save time and save energy. I believe these applications or whatsoever destroyed our ability to communicate in face-to-face interactions. In a European study of 635 participants ages 16-55 years old who visited a website and completed an online questionnaire, 48. 9% reported preferring to use their cell phones for texting over voice calls and 26. 1% reported texting too much. This study also measured levels of loneliness, expressive control, interaction anxiousness, and conversational involvement.Two significant findings were that 61% of the participants stated they say things in text that they would not feel comfortable saying face-to-face and 64% stated they feel they are able to express their true feelings best in text messages rather than in face-to-face interactions or voice calls (Reid & Reid, 2007). Social media hinders communication skills because it leads to isolation. Social media from Facebook to Twitter have made us more densely connected than ever, yet for all this connectivity, we have never been lonelier and this loneliness is making us physically and mentally ill.Some people choose to sit at home all day pretending to be someone they're not instead of going outside and having real conversations and interactions. Then, we can say that on social net works, everybody tries to come across at their very best often embellishing their profiles, making Facebook a reference group against which one starts to compare one's own popularity and success, which may lead to cases of depression and isolation if one finds the other more successful than himself/herself.A recent observation done by myself on the issue of social media leading to isolation showed that people want to constantly be visible amongst their peers and be the best among all. Those who weren't able to have more â€Å"friends† than their peers were actually depressed and felt left out of the group. A tragic story alarms people of the issue of social media leading to isolation and depression, when a 15 year-old girl hanged herself because her friends at school were bullying her and she felt lonely and her depression let her to commit suicide.Konijn et al (2008) study found the following : Being ignored or ostracized has negative psychological consequences. For example, ostracism has been associated with depressed mood, anxiety, loneliness, helplessness, invisibility, and frustration. Being ostracized threatens the basic human needs for belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence. This can be anything like unanswered emails, or being consistently ignored in a chat room. (p. 203) There are critics that say social networking sites lead to larger non-diverse social networks, hence increasing communication skills.It is true that these networking sites make it easier for people to connect all around the world, but is that a cause to increase communication skills? Why, then, two people sitting in the same room chat on their IPhones together while they could have a real face-to-face communication? Why do these people feel dead on one's feet to actually walk 10 second to the hallway to talk with their friends and have a real conversation? Even if these social networking sites lead to larger non-diverse social networks, are these relationship s real?How can you prove if the one you are communicating with is a person you can trust? According to Mintz et al. , (2012), â€Å"driven by younger, technologically savvy students, Myspace and Facebook have grown exponentially into sites where people can and do pretend to be who they aren't†. Another party criticizes the fact that these social networking sites are ruining communication skills by saying people use this technology to get in touch with one another and plan for a meeting.In addition to that, they criticize by saying that internet users are more likely to visit a cafe or coffee shop than people who don't use the internet. Well, don't these people who visit coffee shops hold their laptops in their hands and sit browsing on the Internet while drinking a coffee or having a bite? If they really meant to plan a meeting and to interact with one another then why do these people leave their cellphones and laptops away from sight? How did technology make it easier for pe ople to get in touch with one another?Did it make it easier by allowing anyone to see one’s privacy and know every single detail about that person? Doesn’t this eventually lead to spam and identity theft? How can we protect ourselves from harmful remarks and actions when the identity of the perpetrator is unknown? As Konijn et al (2008) states, â€Å"by focusing on symbolic shifts, time/space relationships, interactivity, sensory bias, and conditons of attendance, media ecology provides a framework for understanding how interpersonal communication is shifted from face-to-face to mediated contexts† (p.20).Social networking sites not only decrease the number of face-to-face interactions, but they greatly deplete the social skills that are important in any society. Facebook is a great tool to connect with one another but it is tech-deep and we need skin-deep, we need real actively involved connections and conversations. This trend causes human beings to become cons umed by a virtual world while they're simultaneously pulled further away from reality.

Economy Oil and gas Essay

Qatar occupies a small peninsula that extends in to the gulf from the east side of the Arabian Penisula countries bordering it are Saudi Arabia to the west and the United Arab Emirates to the south it’s located in the Middle East and borders Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia. Its population is approximately 907,229 with a population growth of 2. 4 %. The birth rate is 15. 6/1000 and has an infant mortality of 17. 5/1000. The life expectancy is 74. 1 and the population density per square meter is 214. Males from 0-14 years and 15-64 years are more than females and generally males are more than females. The death rate is currently 4. 82/1000. The total fertility rate is 2. 75 children per woman. Life expectancy is 76 years for women and 71 years for men. The population is under threat as women are marrying later in life and the abortion rates are increasing The official language in Qatar is Arabic and English is the second common language. The highest percentage of its population is Arab that forms approximately 40% the Pakistan and Indians constitute each 18% of the total population while Iranian and other races form 24%. 95% of its citizens are Muslim. Qatar’s total area is 11,437 km2 all of which is on land. The climate is arid mild and has pleasant winters but very hot and humid summers. The terrain is mostly flat and barren desert that is covered with loose Island and gravel. The natural resources in this state are petroleum and natural gas. Qatar territories include a number of islands and the most renowned Island is Hawar Island. Halul is the export terminal for the offshore oil fields. (http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/world/A0840678. html) It consists of flat rocky surfaces but has some hills and sand dunes, which reach an altitude of 40m above the sea level, in the western and northern parts. It has a rainwater-draining basis in the North and Central areas. The climate is a desert one with hot summers and mild winter. Coral reefs along the ports and shallow waters make navigation difficult especially on those areas where channels have not been dredged. Long summers from June through September have intense heat and alternating dryness and humidity with temperatures exceeding 55 degrees centigrade. From November through May there are moderate temperatures. Winter temperatures can fall to 17 degrees centigrade. The country receives very little rainfall that fills small ravines and the dry wadis. Water is saline and hence unsuitable for drinking or for irrigation purposes due to the high mineral content. Desalination of seawater is a common practice in Qatar. Through desalination In the North West there are jagged limestone outcroppings that rise over 40 meters high. To the South, impressive sand dunes rise up to 60 meters. Other notable features include coastal salt pans that are elevated by limestone formations along the west coast where Durkhan Oil fields and massive sand dunes surrounding Khor al Udaid which is an inlet of the gulf in the South East known as inland sea. Halul, the most important island, lies about 90 kilometers east of Doha and it serves as a storage area and as a loading terminal for oil from surrounding offshore fields. Qatar is limestone and dolomite peninsula of both flat and rocky surfaces and extreme desert conditions. The coasts are generally low with marine terraces and Sabkhas in several places. The sand dunes have moved progressively southwards due to the effect of the prevailing winds. Major Sand dunes are situated in the south eastern parts while limestones are to the western and northern parts of the country. Most land is quiet, uncultivated and scenically beautiful. It contains geographical features that are peculiar to the western side of the Arabian Gulf. There are the rainwater draining basin to the north and central parts which are considered the most fertile and attract heavy agricultural investment. Khor al-Udaid is a deep inlet from the sea on the south east coast. It is a ‘water sanctuary’ and fishing for commercial purposes is banned. It is a sea bay that harbors sea animals like sea turtles, water fowls, and sea birds. It is also an important breeding ground for dolphins. Flamingos also gather there during winter. It also has ponds like the Umm-Said sewage pond and Salwa road ponds. Al-Aliyah Island is also an important feature. It is located 13kilometers to the north east of the capital, Doha. It consist weathered limestone rocks and has uneven patches of salt tolerant bushes. It is an abode of shore birds, gulls, and* Al-Dhakita mangrove located 7 km north Al Khor consist of a group salt water bays. With dense mangrove growth with broad mud flats and salt marshy vegetation. It has valuable fish and shrimp stocks and is important destination for wintering birds and water ducks and flamingoes. Sabkha refers to flat saline areas of sand or silt lying above the water table and often containing soft nodules and veins of gypsum and a hydrite that was deposited over a long time by the action of wind blown sand. They have a crust of halite and gypsum. Caves or dulus are also widespread in Qatar. Ground water and rainwater reaction with soft surface and subsurface dissolves in limestone and gypsum creating cavities and the ceilings may collapse exposing the interior. It contains ten substantial caves although most have collapsed to form depressions and dolines of the northern Qatar. Sand dunes are also prominent features in Qatar. They have a crescent shape as the wind ward face is ripped off by the wind action. The leeward side collapses under the driving wind. Qatar has an interesting plateau of tertiary limestone standing out in the desert about 20meters high. This is between Dukhan through Umm Bab towards the Saudi Arabian border. Low hills are mushroom shaped due to erosion of underlying softer rocks. Gypsum crystals are also common. They are found south of Umm Said and are formed when high tides bring sea water into Sabkha. As the water evaporates, it forms gypsum crystals that appear as low crystalline forms. To the western side Geodes are found. Natural hazards that are dominant here are haze dust storms and the common sand storms. Most of its population is literate and the illiteracy levels are very minimal. Political system The government type of Qatar is emirate. The capital city is Doha. There are 10 municipalities that include. Al Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumaliyah, Al Khawr, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Jarayan, Al Batinah, Madinat ash Shamal, Umm Said and Umm Salal. The 3rdSeptember is the national holiday when people commemorate their independence. The capita city Doha is located on the central East Coast and it’s major functions are administrative, commercial and it is a population center. It is located on a harbour. Other ports include Umm Said Al Khor and Al Wakrah, Umm Said and Doha handle commercial shipping . The legal system is based on Islamic and civil law codes and the Amir controls the discretionary system of law. However civil codes are being implemented. The Islamic law dominates family and personal matters. Amir Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani has been the chief of the state since 27th June 1995 after a bloodless coup. His father was not able to handle the country’s economic reforms. Since it is a monarchial government the father did not lose his title as much power was already in his sons. Crown prince Jassim did not want to be king and he abdicated in favor of his younger brother. He rose to power after outdoing his father Amir Khalifa. The government is constitutional monarchy and the president’s fourth son Tamin bin Hamad is the selected heir. Amir Hamad was the Armed forces commander and defense minister when he seized power from his father who was out of the country. He retains that title to date. He survived an attempted coup in 1996. He had also taken his father t court on alleged state fund misappropriation. However this matter was solved outside the court. Amir Hamad Khalifa father had deposed his cousin Emir Al-Thani family continued to hold power after independence in 1971. Government departments are responsible for ensuring economic and social progress. The emir’s leadership is influenced by consultation’s consensus and personal appeal. He is not accountable to anyone and he cannot violate the Islamic laws sharia. In per taking his functions he must seek the opinion of the leading notable and religious leaders. Expatriate and residents are excluded from elections. The role of municipal council is not executive but offering advice to the minister. . The prime minister is Hamad bin Jasim bin Jabir al-Thani since April 3rd 2007. His deputy is Abdullah bin Hamad al-Atiyah. He replaced Abdullah bin Khalifa who resigned April 2007. The cabinet comprises of council of ministers all of which are appointed by the monarchy. Elections are rarely done since the system of ruling is monarchial. However in April 2003 it held nationwide election for a 29-member central municipal council (CMC). The CMC has consultative powers geared to improving the efficiency in provision of municipal service. The advisory council or Maljis al-shura has 35 members who are appointed by the monarchy. Council members have their terms extended after every four years. However since the establishment of a new constitution in 2005, 10 more positions were to be introduced and the public had a chance to elect 2/3 of the seats while Amir the president appoints the other 1/3. Introduction of the first constitution would guarantee freedom expression assembly and religion and increment of parliament seats. Elections are to be conducted late this year. Amir appoints all judges based on recommendations of supreme judiciary council. The branches of the judiciary are courts of first instance appeal and cassation. Since it’s a monarchial government there are no political leaders or parties and political pressure groups. Women were allowed to vote for the first time in 1999 and municipal consisted of 29 members. Democracy is being incorporated ever since Amir brought liberal changes in to the economy. Economy Oil and gas are the dominant trade goods. They both account for more than 60% of the countries GDP. They also contribute to a tune of 85% of the country’s export earnings and 70% of the government’s revenue. They are the reasons the country is one of the world fastest growing countries. They have seen it’s per capital rise to equal that of European Union. Due to sustained high oil prices the country is able to build its budget trade surpluses and foreign reserves. The oil reserves in this country are more than 15 billion barrels and they can sustain continued surplus for more than 20 years. Natural gas reserves are also abundant. They exceed 25 trillion cubic meters, which is more than 5% of the word total and 3rd largest in the world. The country is undertaking measures to develop its gas field in ensuring that the country becomes the world’s top liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporter. Foreign investment is also being encouraged so that non- energy projects can be improved by liberalizing the economy further. The country’s GDP real growth rate in 2006 was 7. 1% and the per capita GDP was $29,800. Composition of the GDP is mainly industry, which is 75. 8%, and service sector, which is 24. 1%. The unemployment rate was 3. 2% in 2006 and the inflation rate was 11. 8%. The major trading partners with Qatar are Japan, South Korea, Singapore, India, France, U. S, Saudi Arabia, united Arabs emirates, Germany and UK. Major imports are machinery and transport equipments manufactured goods, food and live animals. Japan receives the largest proportion of Qatar exports. Other important trading partners include South Korea and France. The service sector accounts for approximately a ? of the total GDP and creates employment for the Qatar people. The government is promoting the tourism sector in an effort to trying to make it match other industries in the economy. Qatar is the richest country in the Islam-dominated countries rising global demand for oil ensure increase prices of oil and this leads to increase economic growth. The economy of this country is not diversified it depends so much on oil and gas. Qatar’s industrial plants are located in Umm Said. There is a fertilizer plant for urea and ammonia a steel plant and a petrochemical plant. These industries use gas as their source of energy ands they are owned by state or European and Japanese firms. http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Qatar. html To control the influx of expatriate workers Qatar is tightening the administration of its foreign manpower programs. Foreign educated Qatar’s are returning back home to develop their home country. Development of other industries will enable the economy to withstand future possible negative oil shocks. Real economic growth had slowed down in 2002 after OPEC enforced oil output cuts. The gas industry was however not affected. Private investment is encouraged to ensure that the country’s economic growth does not decline with changes in the market. Steel industries have been making profits for the past 10 years, non-oil sectors in Qatar are building and construction, real estate communication, agriculture, fishing water and electricity and banking. The state provides incentives to foreign investors, which include security loans from Qatar Industrial bank QIB eliminates quantitative quotas on imports no income tax on salaries of expatriates no export duties and no taxes on corporate profit for pre determined periods. The country has a comparatively high public sector external debt. Debt has been incurred to finance LNG and other industrial products. The GDP is raising and thus the ratio of public external debt to GDP is declining. http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Qatar. html The economic challenge that the country faces is to maintain global competitiveness. There is need to improve on the macro-economic management and the public sector institutions. Absorption of new technologies ought to be done at a faster rate. This translates to more revenues being redirected in imports over reliance on one industry is an issue that needs to be addressed. Diversifying the economy is a safe approach of ensuring toast hock ups in oil industry will not adversely affect the countries economy. Investment in quality education will also be a wise approach of addressing the country’s issue. It will reduce the number of foreign employees in the country by substituting them with the locals. Leadership or quality of government also ought to be changed. Democracy will go along way in maintaining economic stability in the long run. The monarchial system needs to be reformed. Levels of unemployment ought to be completely eradicated investing heavily in human capita and education city project sponsored by the Qatar foundation has seen worlds top universities and research centers to the country. Qatar joined other emirates of the Tricia coast in forming the United Arab Emirates but together with Bahrain they disagreed about the merger but instead formed independent nations. (Crystal Jill,1995) A border dispute with Saudi Arabia was settled in 1992 although the dispute with Bahrain remains unsolved. It signed a defense pact with the US and it became the third country in the Gulf to do so. It is home of the immensely popular but controversial Arabic Satellite Television Network Al Jazeera. Contraversial because it is accused of not being free and fair in its broadcasts. Al Jazeera is not only popular in the Arab world but also globally. It was the only channel allowed to operate from Afghanistan and the first to air Osama bin Laden’s statement in October 2001. It favors those who are its allies and does not criticize or air anything negative about its own Government. (El-Nawawy et al, 2002) Pollution from oil and gas industries has negative impact on the diversity of species. It is an issue that ought to be addressed. Qatar is surrounded by sea on three sides and its territorial waters encompass 35,000 square kilometers. Marine life has to adapt to the harsh conditions of salty water and soaring temperatures.

The Current Method of Cleaning and Sterilization Essay

The Current Method of Cleaning and Sterilization - Essay Example It is required to enhance the level of patient care and the health of the health care providers. WHO provide the guide lines on the development of these policies (Who.int, 2014). These guidelines provide complete information to the health care providers in the prevention and control of the infections that can be transmitted from one person to the other. These guidelines are generic in nature and they can be utilized by any country depending upon its individual needs. Â  (Jpma.org.pk, 2014) studied the role of infectious diseases in Pakistan and worked on the inexpensive improvements that can be made. The article put emphasis on the need for the development of surveillance system for infections and antibiotics which can provide bases to the establishment of further polices. The article also put attention towards introducing the culture of accountability in health care settings which can provide sound basis for the future. (Infectioncontroltoday.com, 2013) explains that for controllin g the spread of infections one require proper evaluation, analysis and removal of risk factors that contribute towards the transmission of the disease. When the major cause of the disease is the infectious organism then, prevention is far better than medicine and it could be as simple as washing your hands. The use of disposable instruments and the sterilization techniques depends on the type of instrument being utilized. The use of sterilization techniques can be economical in certain cases and simultaneously these could be the source of infectious diseases. (Sides Media, 2014) explains that infections and toxicity which arises after any ophthalmic procedure can lead to the wastage of a surgeon’s finest work and also can put the patient’s vision at risk. So it is the duty of the medical professional to make sure that surgery is performed with sterile instruments. Â  (Mddionline.com, 2014)

Write a response paper to the book Out of Poverty by Paul Polak Essay

Write a response paper to the book Out of Poverty by Paul Polak - Essay Example According to Polak the group is a massive consumer but lack the financial ability to purchase the products. Additionally, he discovers that the group comprises of viable entrepreneurs. When designing products for the group, Polak advises that an entrepreneur consider the consumption pattern of the group. Firstly, the poor have minimal finances they therefore attach more importance on the price of the commodes they purchase often at the expense of the quality of the products. An entrepreneur must therefore devise cost effective means of production to ensure the manufacture of cheap products that will fit the budgets of the group. Additionally, the group is huge. At 90% of the world population, it is therefore the greatest market and after designing products that appeal to the group, the next big feature of such a business becomes the mass production and determination of effective retail services. Of all the ideas Polak fosters in his book, among the most surprising findings is his claim that the 90% of the world’s population is poor. Additionally,, the scholar claims that the 90% drive the world economy. However, he breaks down his points to validate his claim by explaining the financial movement in the market economies thus validating his claims. According to his explanation, it becomes factual that a larger percentage of the world’s population is poor but still controls the global economy. I agree with most of his ideas. I like the idea that products that target the poor often sell faster and better than those targeting the wealthy in the market do. Just as he explains it, the poor are the majority this widens the base of the market for any product or service that targets the population. An entrepreneur must therefore determine the best way of producing such products at cheap costs but in bulk. As a marketing strategy, by targeting the poor, an entrepreneur earns smaller profit margins per product but sell many

Procter and Gamble Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Procter and Gamble - Assignment Example As the paper declares the matrix formula suggested by Burrell and Morgan demonstrates interaction by any organization with its internal and external environment. The matrix is summarized into four quadrants representing the four paradigms: radical humanistic, radical structuralist, interpretive and functionalist.This discussion highlights that  the society constitutes of organizations that share civic values on which they base their status quo. Change would be realized by implementing minimal structural adjustment to fit within prevailing external context. Interpretive researchers hold that reality is a construct of individuals based on how they interpret their environment. Individual elements and members of an organization influence its competitiveness. Change can be realized as a result of individual reframing of events and other factors in the organizational context. An organizational analysis from this perspective investigates input by individual departments, management decisio ns, staff members and performance of individual products. Its subjective nature allows for creative ideas in crisis resolution and implementing change in organizations.  An appreciation of unique strength and weaknesses among members of staff provides insight in responsibility allocations. In market competitiveness interpretive research realize that various regions are defined by unique characteristics which marketers should be aware. In order to penetrate such regions evaluation of specific marketing strategies and their relevance should be conducted by marketers on the basis of the product being handled. This is based on the interpretive view that events are better understood through active

Critical Thinking Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking Discussion Questions - Essay Example Then the decision made is clear and understood. This is not true when decision making includes people of differing backgrounds, experiences, and ethics. The way the United States handles wounded on the battlefield provides an ethical dilemma for some. The United States treats all wounded from the battlefield regardless of what military unit, insurgents group, or country they come from. These wounded are categorized not by who they are but by how wounded they are and are lined up for care (for surgery for example) based upon the seriousness of their wound and their optimal chances for survival. Other countries or peoples are often stymied by thistheir beliefs are to treat your own and leave the enemy to die so they don't live to fight another day. 2. When are group decisions better than individual decisions When are they not better Provide examples of effective individual and effective group decisions and explain why the method (individual vs. group worked well in the situation). Sometimes group decisions are better than individual decisions because each person in the group brings their perspective to the table for consideration. In the American judicial system you can choose between judge or jury to hear and decide your case. If you choose the judge your odds are 50-50.

Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those who opposed Essay

Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those who opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of the mexican war and the Kansas-Nebraska act - Essay Example The Kansas-Nebraska act also pushed the country into civil war and divided the nation into two factions. The act also gave rise to a new Republican Party arguing abolishment of slavery. The arguments of Republicans against slavery were based on morality. Republicans treated everyone equally and considered freedom the most basic right. Lincoln said in his famous Lincoln-Douglas Debate â€Å"I agree with Judge Douglas he is not my equal in many respects—certainly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right to eat the bread, without the leave of anybody else, which his own hand earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas, and the equal of every living man† (Lincoln). It is important to note that those who opposed slavery were not in favor of total social equality between people of all races. However they believed that blacks were also humans and they should be treated with respect. Lincoln was actually afraid that popular sentiment would be in favor of slavery and then it would be impossible to demolish the institution of slavery from America for ever. The moral arguments of Republicans were not ideal but still they provided room for some sort of acceptance of blacks. They were saying that blacks were not equal but this does not mean that their freedom should be taken away. Social equality was not argued but practicality and humanity was made basis for abolishment of slavery. The famous poet James Russell Lowell called those people slaves who did not dare to speak for the weak (344). He was a poet who was strongly against slavery and his poems reflected his passion towards abolishment of slavery. He considered slavery immoral and devoted his poetry against it. Wilmot Proviso can be seen as an attempt to curb the spread of slavery and mitigate differences between pro and anti slavery politicians. It was presented by a Democrat David Wilmot and the

The Third Century Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Third Century Crisis - Research Paper Example The fact that the murder was carried out by this own people is a fact that made the citizens of the country lose trust in the running of the empire (Sisem, 2014). People had different views regarding the administration and this lack of trust made people not operate as a unit as they had been doing prior to the death of Emperor Alexander (Liu & Xiaobing, 2013). Many of the people that worked for the Emperor did not believe in him and they stated that the reason for this was that Alexander was weak and did not have the required Leadership styles (Wolf, 2005). Contrary to their beliefs, they had the idea that Alexander Severus was on the German side and was the reason why he resorted to diplomacy as a way of dealing with them. Another event that led to the collapse of the empire was the increase in the number of raids that took place in the years that followed the death of the empire. These raids came from different people in the administration and the reason for them was the fact that they all wanted to have a word in the running of the empire (Latourette, 2014). Many of the people had different ideologies regarding the best manner through which the citizens of the country could maintain their resources. These differences made the leaders implicate each other, leading to people turning on each other, and the result was the collapse of the Roman Empire. The outbreak of small pox was another cause of the collapse of the Roman Empire. Small pox was a common disease in those ages and the fact that physicians were yet to come up with a cure made the empire suffer a lot with regard to the number of people that died from it (Wong, 2009). Small pox was a disease that affected people across different ages and the consequent of this was a weak empire. Regardless of whether individuals had the disease or not it affected people both directly and indirectly (Gao, 2008).

Karl Marx Essay Example for Free

Karl Marx Essay Karl Marx who was christened ‘the father of modern communism’ was a well renowned philosopher whose ideologies in the political, economy as well as social perspectives were very significant. To Marx, the issue of inequality in society was a major concern and a central point in his ideologies. He blamed the inequality in society on the economic production. (Healey J 2006). He placed more emphasis on the means of production which simply implied the tools or materials used in order to ensure that goods and services were produced and distributed. To Marx, the means of production could vary depending on the prevailing economic system. In cases of agricultural societies, land would be an important means of production while for the industrial society the machinery and equipment, factories as well as the transportation system were the means of production. Marx further noted that societies were dominated by capitalistic tendencies in spite of them being agricultural or industrial. To him there are two major social classes who are in continued struggle or conflict over the means of production. The two major classes are the bourgeoisie who not only own but also control the factors of production and it is also the ruling class. (Healey J 2006). The other class comprises of the proletariat or the working class. Marx believed that conflicts between the two distinct classes were eminent or rather inevitable. The resultant effect was that the proletariat class would over throw the bourgeoisie and an equitable society would be attained. In the new society exploitation and coercion would be a thing of the past. The new society would be a class less society and inequality would be erased and social change would be attained. Marx presented a conflicting society that was characterised by continued class struggle. (Healey J 2006) Healey in ‘Race, Ethnicity, Gender and class’, noted that Max Weber a German sociologist was a major critic of Marx ideologies. He argued that Marx ideology of inequality in society was a very narrow one. To Weber, the inequality problem in society was complex and not as simple as Marx presented it. He was quite categorical that inequalities in society could not be wholly blamed on economic forces. In this regard he noted the cases where people may belong to the elite class in society but lack wealth attached to it or vice versa. Some people may have the wealth but lack the self esteem. (Healey J, 2006) Marx and Weber agreed on the issue of inequalities in society. Weber expounded on Marx ideologies and he in fact adopted other stratification mechanisms regarding inequalities with ownership and control of factors of production which was similar to Karl Marx’s class ideology. Secondly, he brought about the idea of ‘prestige’ where the amount of honour or self esteem given to people by others was highlighted. To Weber, factors like class, family lineage as well as physical appearance affected the amount of prestige or honour to be placed on people by others. The third stratification according to Weber was power or the ability to influence or control others. A person’s stand in political organisation determined how powerful they were in the society. To Weber, the three groups had similar characteristics in the sense that wealthy, prestigious were likely to be more powerful when compared to the poor people in the society. (Healey J, 2006). Both Marx and Weber agreed that the development of capitalism was as a result of accumulated capital. However, they differed on how the accumulation was ensured. Marx was convinced that ‘owners of the means of production or the ‘bourgeois acquired immense capital through expropriation and exploitation of the working class or the proletariat. On the other hand Weber perceived a society where the accumulation of capital was attributed to the dedication, self denial and hard work of the capitalists. As Etzioni – Halevy in ‘Social change’ noted, Weber viewed ‘social change in society as caused not only by the economic factors but also by values and ideas’ (Etzioni – Halery E). Notably, Weber did not underestimate the role of or importance of economic factors in as far as social change in society was concerned. Some of Weber’s viewpoints earned him no fame as they just blended what Marx had earlier presented. The main distinction pertaining his ideologies was his emphasis on the fact that the ‘advent of modern capitalism could not be wholly blamed on the economic factors’. (Etzioni-Halevy J, 1981). To him, values had a very significant role to play and to this regard had to be considered with the same intensity that was attached to economic factors. Important values cited by Weber included achievement – oriented values which worked to motivate the entrepreneurs to work devotedly while negating from consumption to embrace investment. He perceived a society where entrepreneurs would instead of consuming their profits re-invest to earn more profits. (Etzioni-Halery J, 1981) To Marx, social change would be realised when the two conflicting classes were no more or when the working class overthrew the ruling class over the means of production. Weber rejected this view point on the argument that social change was a complex aspect which was affected by the class groupings as well as the varying or diverse status. (Allan K, 2005) The working class according to Marx earned a living by selling their labour to the owners of the means of production or capitalists. There was an eminent exploitation between the two classes in the society. Marx coined the term ‘pauperization’ to mean the process through which the rich became richer as the poor grew poorer. The exploitation was due to the fact that the wages paid to the working class by the capitalists was not equitable to the work or output they produced. Apart from receiving poor pay, the working class in poor conditions that negatively affected their mental as well as physical well being. (Giddens A and Griffiths, 2006). Weber backed Marx idea that the society was characterised by conflicts for power as well as resources. On how the society was structured Weber negated from Marx ideology that economic factors alone had a role to play in its determination. In contrast he noted that other important aspects like status as well as party had a role in class differences. According to Weber they could emerge from other aspects rather than economic forces. He noted that economic differences could arise from other resources rather than property for instance skills, qualifications or credentials. Taylor G and Spencer S, 2004). Weber argued that capitalism was not necessarily the critical factor triggering alienation and deprivation of the working class. Consequently, elimination of the private ownership would not suffice in resolving the inequality issue in the society. Weber blamed the alienation to ‘the omnipotent structures of the bureaucratic rule’ (Hamilton P, 1991). Weber rejected socialism as a way of resolving the problems associated or linked in capitalism.

Periodontal Diseases In Children Health And Social Care Essay

Periodontal Diseases In Children Health And Social Care Essay Periodontics is a vast subject by itself and a pediatric dentist is called upon to use the knowledge of the same while examining and planning the treatment of children and young adults. Contrasting forms of periodontal disease affect children and adolescents with varying prevalence, severity, and extent, leading to a diverse prognosis in these age groups. For an early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal conditions in young patients, it is essential to be able to identify and classify the disease correctly at the earliest applying the basic principles along with understanding of etiology and risk factors. A pediatric dentist is in a unique position to identify and distinguish between a seemingly innocuous condition that may be a normal physiological aberration or an early sign of severe destruc ­tive periodontal disease. Although severe destruc ­tive periodontal conditions are uncommon in children, however it is essential that children receive a periodontal screening as part of their regular dental examination. Early diagnosis ensures a high likelihood of a successful therapeutic outcome primarily by reduction of etiologic factors, remedial therapy and development of an effective maintenance protocol. This prevents the recurrence and progression of disease and reduces the incidence of tooth loss. Key Words: adolescents, aggressive, chronic, gingivitis periodontitis. Clinical Relevance: Incorporation of periodontal screening in regular dental examination by pediatric dentist can help in early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases. This would prevent further progression of disease and reduce the frequency of tooth loss. Objective: The reader should understand the importance of periodontal screening, early diagnosis, proper treatment planning and effective maintenance plan to prevent the progression and recurrence of periodontal disease in children and adolescents. Different forms of periodontal disease affect children and adolescents. The diseases affecting the periodontium can be limited to the gingival tissues or can be associated with destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. There have been various attempts to classify periodontal diseases. Various classifications have been developed over a period of time.1-4 Based on the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics in 1989,3 the American Academy of Periodontology proposed a classification of periodontitis as a) adult periodontitis b) early-onset periodontitis c) Periodontitis associated with systemic disease d) necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and e) refractory periodontitis. Early-onset periodontitis was further classified into a) pre-pubertal periodontitis (localized and generalized) b) juvenile periodontitis c) rapidly progressive periodontitis.(Table 1) Problems associated with the 1989 classification led to 1999 international workshop on the classification of periodontal diseases.4 A new classification system was proposed in 1999 and is presently the most accepted classification system of periodontal diseases. The periodontal diseases are classified as: 1) gingival diseases (plaque induced and non plaque induced) 2) chronic periodontitis (localized and generalized) 3) aggressive periodontitis (localized and generalized 4) periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease 5) necrotizing periodontal disease 6) abscesses of periodontium 7) periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions and 8) developmental and acquired deformities and conditions.(Table 1) In the new classification4 adult periodontitis was changed to chronic periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis to aggressive periodontitis. These changes were made to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. Chronic periodontitis was considered less age-dependent description than adult periodontitis. The term early-onset periodontitis was discarded as this form of disease can occur in children, adolescents and adults. Localized aggressive periodontitis replaced the older expression localized juvenile periodontitis or localized early-onset periodontitis. Generalized aggressive periodontitis replaced generalized juvenile periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis.(Table 2) Table 1 1989 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases 1999 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases Gingival diseases (Plaque induced and Non- Plaque Induced) Adult periodontitis Chronic periodontitis (Localized and Generalized) Early-onset periodontitis Aggressive periodontitis (Localized and Generalized). Periodontitis associated with systemic disease Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis Necrotizing periodontal disease Refractory periodontitis Abscesses of periodontium Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions Developmental and acquired deformities and conditions The categories of refractory periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis were eliminated because of their heterogeneity. Prepubertal periodontitis was also eliminated as it was not perceived to be a single entity. Many severe periodontitis cases in children are caused due to presence of a systemic disease/s.5,6 (Table 2). Various studies show that gingivitis is prevalent in children and adolescents.7-11 Studies have indicated that attachment loss and supporting bone loss is infrequent in the young but that the incidence increases in adolescents aged 12 to 17 when compared to children aged 5 to 11.11-13 A study conducted on schoolchildren demonstrated that the prevalence and extent of gingivitis increased with age.14 Gingivitis starts in the deciduous dentition and reaching a peak at puberty. Gingivitis reduced during adolescence and followed by a gradual rise throughout adult life.15 The increase in gingivitis levels may be ascribed to the increase in sites at risk, plaque accumulation and inflammatory changes related with tooth eruption and the influence of hormonal factors in puberty. The decline in gingivitis in adolescence may be due to improved social awareness and enhanced oral hygiene.16 Table 2 Changes introduced in 1999 classification in comparison to 1989 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases A category of Gingival diseases (Plaque induced and Non- Plaque Induced) was introduced. Gingival diseases were not represented in 1989 classification. The term Adult periodontitis changed to Chronic periodontitis to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. The term Early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Aggressive Periodontitis to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. Localized juvenile periodontitis or localized early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Localized aggressive periodontitis. Generalized juvenile periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Generalized aggressive periodontitis. Refractory periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis eliminated because of their heterogeneity Prepubertal periodontitis was also eliminated as severe periodontitis cases in children are caused due to presence of a systemic disease/s. Prevalence of periodontitis in the deciduous dentition is difficult to estimate because of scarcity of data. Exfoliation and eruption can lead to undependable information. A low prevalence of marginal bone loss in the deciduous dentition is found in children of European origin in comparison to Asian children.17,18 The prevalence of early onset periodontitis in blacks was 2.1% 19- 2.6%.20 The prevalence rate for whites was 0.17%.20 In a survey in the United States, no significant difference was found in prevalence rates between males and females.20 Black males and white females were approximately three times more likely to have localized early-onset periodontitis than black females and white males respectively.20 Periodontitis in the deciduous dentition is generally clinically insignificant, severe generalized periodontitis may be found in young children with rare systemic diseases, such as Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, cyclic neutropenia, agranulocytosis, Downs syndrome, hypophosphatasia and leukocyte adhesion deficiency.21 Periodontal diseases that can affect young individuals include: 1) dental plaque-induced gingival diseases; 2) chronic periodontitis; 3) aggressive periodontitis; 4) periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases; and 5) necrotizing periodontal diseases.22 However few other diseases like primary herpetic gingivostomatitis may also affect children.(Table 3) Table 3 Periodontal diseases affecting children and adolescents Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases Chronic periodontitis Aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases Necrotizing periodontal diseases Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases: Definition: Plaque-induced gingivitis is defined as inflammation of the gingiva in the absence of clinical attachment loss.23 Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only: Chronic marginal gingivitis is the most prevalent type of gingival change in childhood. Dental plaque causes inflammation within the gingival tissues which manifests as clinical signs of gingivitis. The gingival diseases associated with plaque, endogenous hormonal fluctuations, drugs, systemic diseases, and malnutrition have numerous universal characteristics. The universal features of these gingival diseases include clinical signs of inflammation, signs and symptoms that are restricted to the gingiva, reversibility of the diseases by removing the etiology, the presence of bacterial plaque to initiate and intensify the severity of the lesion, and a potential role as a precursor to attachment loss.24 (Table 4). Table 4 Universal features of gingival diseases Clinical signs of inflammation Signs and symptoms that are restricted to the gingiva, Reversibility of the diseases by removing the etiology. Presence of bacterial plaque to initiate and intensify the severity of the lesion. A potential role as a precursor to attachment loss The features of plaque-induced gingivitis24 are 1) plaque present at gingival margin; 2) disease begins at the gingival margin; 3) change in gingival color;25,26 4) change in gingival contour;25,26 5) sulcular temperature change;27 6) increased gingival exudate;28 7) bleeding upon probing;25 8) absence of attachment loss; 9) absence of bone loss; 10) histological changes including an inflammatory lesion; 11) reversible with plaque removal. Subgingival levels of Actinomyces sp., Capnocytophaga sp., Leptotrichia sp., and Selenomonas sp. have been found to be increased in experimental gingivitis in children when compared to gingivitis in adults.29 Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors Associated with the Endocrine System: Hormonal changes affect the periodontal diseases, although bacterial plaque is essential to initiate gingival disease. Puberty-Associated Gingivitis: The rise in steroid hormone levels during puberty in both sexes has a transitory effect on gingivitis.30 There is an increase in gingival inflammation in circumpubertal age individuals of both sexes without a simultaneous increase in plaque levels.31-33 The predilection to develop candid signs of gingival inflammation in the presence of relatively small amounts of plaque during the circumpubertal period differentiates the disease. The incidence and severity of gingivitis in adolescents are also influenced by dental caries, mouth breathing, crowding of the teeth, and tooth eruption.34 Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Gingivitis: Diabetes mellitus-associated gingivitis is found in children with poorly controlled Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile onset).35,36 The features of gingivitis associated with diabetes mellitus are similar to plaque-induced gingivitis. The level of diabetic management is an significant characteristic than plaque control in the severity of the gingival inflammation.35,36 Gingivitis is frequently associated with tooth eruption. Tooth eruption by itself does not cause gingivitis. The inflammation results from plaque accumulation around erupting teeth. Partially exfoliated, loose deciduous teeth often cause gingivitis due to plaque accumulation. The incidence and severity of gingivitis is more around malpositioned teeth because of their increased tendency to accumulate plaque.37 Periodontitis: Periodontitis irrespective of the specific classification show irreversible loss of connective tissue attachment and apical migration of the junctional epithelium and true pocket formation. The correct diagnosis of the different types of periodontitis is important as the management of periodontitis depends on the correct diagnosis. Incipient and incidental attachment loss A precursor to periodontitis: The terms incipient attachment loss38,39 and incidental attachment loss38,39 have been used to describe loss of support in adolescents. A loss of attachment >1 mm and early alveolar bone loss are prevalent and can affect a sizable proportion of adolescents.40-41 The term incipient is used to describe the initial stage of adult type periodontitis (chronic periodontitis) and a working definition is the presence of loss of attachment >2 mm that is not related to gingival recession.39 The term incidental attachment loss was used by Là ¶e Brown in relation to early-onset (aggressive) periodontitis in adolescents.20 It was suggested that it may correspond to an initial phase of an early-onset juvenile periodontitis or even be incidental to other factors. There is prevalence of attachment loss in adolescents that does not fit the categorization of localized early-onset periodontitis and/or generalized early onset periodontitis.38,42 The category of incidental attachment loss includes individuals who do not fit the criteria for diagnosis of either localized early-onset periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis, but show à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥4 mm of attachment loss on one or more teeth.39 An epidemiological survey of early-onset periodontitis in 14 to 17 years old adolescents used attachment loss of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥3 mm as the cut-off for diagnosis and found that 71% of the incidental early-onset periodontitis group had one site affected and 97% had three or less affected sites.42 The definition of incidental attachment loss can be used to classify individuals with few sites affected by abnormal attachment loss, not associated with local causes such as proximal caries or overhanging restorations. Chronic periodontitis: Definition: Chronic periodontitis is defined as inflammation of the gingiva extending into the adjacent attachment apparatus. The disease is characterized by loss of clinical attachment due to destruction of the periodontal ligament and loss of the adjacent supporting bone.43 Clinical Features:44(Table 5) 1. Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of periodontal disease in adults but can be found in children and adolescents affecting both the primary and secondary dentitions. 2. The amount of periodontal destruction is proportionate to local factors. 3. The composition of microbial plaque is complex and varies to a great extent within and between patients and subgingival calculus is a frequent finding. 4. Chronic periodontitis can be classified on the basis of extent of disease as localized when fewer than 30% of sites are affected, and generalized when this level is exceeded. 5. Chronic periodontitis can also be classified on the basis of the severity of the periodontal destruction. Disease is mild (1 to 2 mm clinical attachment loss), moderate (3 to 4 mm clinical attachment loss), or severe (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥5 mm clinical attachment loss) 6. Although chronic periodontitis is initiated by microbial plaque, factors such as systemic risk factors including smoking, stress, diabetes, HIV and host factors influence the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. 7. Progression can only be confirmed by repeated clinical examinations and is considered likely to occur in diseased sites that are left untreated. It usually has slow to moderate rates of progression, but may have periods of rapid progression. Table 5 Clinical Features of Chronic periodontitis Most common form of periodontal disease in adults but children and adolescents also affected. The amount of periodontal destruction is proportionate to local factors. The composition of microbial plaque is complex and variable. Slow to moderate rates of progression with periods of rapid progression. Initiated by plaque but modified by systemic factors such as smoking, stress, diabetes, HIV and host factors. Extent of disease: Localized : 30% of sites involved. Severity of disease: Mild: 1-2mm of clinical attachment loss; Moderate: 3-4 mm of clinical attachment loss; Severe: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥5mm of clinical attachment loss. Aggressive periodontitis: Definition: Aggressive periodontitis encompasses distinct types of periodontitis that affect people who, in most cases, otherwise appear healthy. It tends to have a familial aggregation and there is a rapid rate of disease progression. Aggressive periodontitis occurs in localized and generalized forms.45 Aggressive periodontitis can be classified as localized aggressive periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis. Clinical Features:46 (Table 6) Primary features: Non-contributory medical history Rapid attachment loss and bone destruction Familial aggregation of disease Secondary features that are generally present but may not be present in all cases: 1) Amount of microbial deposits inconsistent with the severity of periodontal destruction. 2) Elevated proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. 3) Phagocytic abnormalities 4) Hyper-responsive macrophage phenotype, including elevated production of PGE2 and interleukin-1ÃŽÂ ² in response to bacterial endotoxins. 5) Progression of attachment loss and bone loss may be self-arresting. The diagnosis may be made on historical, radiographic and clinical data. In addition to primary and secondary features common to all aggressive periodontitis patients, following features can be identified: Localized aggressive periodontitis: 1) Circumpubertal onset; 2) Localized first molar/incisor show interproximal attachment loss on at least two permanent teeth, one of which is a first molar, and involving no more than two teeth other than first molars and incisors; 3) Robust serum antibody response. Generalized aggressive periodontitis: 1) Usually affecting persons under 30 years of age but patients may be older; 2) Generalized interproximal attachment loss affecting at least three permanent teeth, other than first molars and incisors; 3) Pronounced episodic nature of destruction of attachment and alveolar bone. 4) Poor serum antibody response. Chronic and aggressive periodontitis have numerous common clinical features, but the common features are not necessarily alike in both forms of the disease. It is well recognized that both chronic and aggressive periodontitis are complex infections that occur in susceptible hosts and are caused by biofilms.47-49 In addition, host immune response to the biofilms is largely responsible for periodontal destruction.50,51 Successful management of both forms of periodontitis includes reduction of bacterial load.52 The untreated disease invariably leads to loss of tooth. Table 6 Clinical Features of Aggressive periodontitis Primary features: Non-contributory medical history. Rapid attachment loss and bone destruction Familial aggregation of disease. Secondary features: generally present but not universal: Amount of microbial deposits inconsistent with the severity of periodontal destruction. Elevated proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Phagocytic abnormalities Hyper-responsive macrophage phenotype, including elevated production of PGE2 and interleukin-1ÃŽÂ ². Progression of attachment loss and bone loss may be self-arresting. Localized aggressive periodontitis: Circumpubertal onset Localized first molar/incisor involvement with interproximal attachment loss on at least two permanent teeth, one of which is a first molar, and involving no more than two teeth other than first molars and incisors. Robust serum antibody response. Generalized aggressive periodontitis: Usually affecting persons under 30 years of age but patients may be older; Generalized interproximal attachment loss affecting at least three permanent teeth, other than first molars and incisors; Pronounced episodic nature of destruction of attachment and alveolar bone. Poor serum antibody response. Similarities and differences in clinical features of chronic and aggressive periodontitis: One of the shared clinical characteristics of chronic and aggressive periodontitis is that affected individuals have no known medical or general health conditions that might contribute to development of their periodontitis. If an individual has a systemic disease that modifies the initiation and clinical course of periodontal infections, the resulting periodontitis should be classified as periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease.4 Chronic and aggressive forms of periodontitis have a number of significant clinical differences including: (i) age of onset; (ii) rates of progression; (iii) patterns of destruction; (iv) clinical signs of inflammation and (v) amount of plaque and calculus. The clinical differences are the primary basis for classifying individuals into one of the categories of periodontitis. A diagnosis is a summary statement of the clinicians best estimate regarding the disease or condition detected in a given patient. It is derived from a thorough analysis of all information collected during a review of relevant data from medical à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ dental histories, the results of diagnostic tests, and findings from a careful clinical examination.53,54 A diagnosis should be a short and concise statement that gives an idea of disease present in a specific patient. It provides a foundation about appropriate treatment approaches. The diagnosis may not precisely be according to the classification system. The exact definition of case is not a main issue in the management of specific patients in clinical practice, as the diagnosis is tailor-made for the individual.55 The clinical distinction between chronic and aggressive periodontitis may be difficult sometimes. This distinction becomes insignificant from a treatment viewpoint as anti-infective therapies are successful for bot h forms of the disease.55 Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases: Systemic diseases that predispose patients to highly destructive disease of the primary teeth, the diagnosis is periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease. This group is classified as:56(Table 7) Associated with hematological disorders: 1) Acquired neutropenia; 2) Leukemias; 3) Others. Associated with genetic disorders: 1) Familial and cyclic neutropenia; 2) Downs syndrome; 3) Leukocyte adherence deficiency syndrome; 4) Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome; 5) Chediak-Higashi syndrome; 6) Histocytosis syndromes; 7) Glycogen storage disease; 8) Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; 9) Cohen syndrome; 10) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Types IV and VIII); 11) hypophosphatasia. Not Otherwise specified. Not otherwise specified includes diseases like osteoporosis and estrogen deficiency which have shown to affect periodontium but data regarding their effect requires confirmation. It was emphasized in the consensus report that other systemic conditions may be added after the evidence is available. Defects in neutrophil and immune cell function associated with these diseases may play an important role in increased susceptibility to periodontitis and other infections. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease in children is a rare disease that frequently begins between the time of eruption of the primary teeth up to the age of 5.57,58 In the localized form, affected sites exhibit rapid bone loss and minimal gingival inflammation.57 Quantitative (agranulocytosis or neutropenia) or qualitative (chemotactic or phagocytic) leukocytic deficiencies show evidence of severe annihilation of the periodontal tissues. Quantitative deficiencies are generally accompanied by destruction of the periodontium of all teeth, whereas qualitative defects are often associated with localized destruction affecting only the periodontium of certain teeth.59 Neutropenia. Patients present with a diverse periodontal manifestations. In the malignant form there is ulceration and necrosis of the marginal gingiva. Bleeding from gums is generally present and attached gingiva may get involved.60 In cyclic, chronic, and familial benign neutropenia the lesions show deep periodontal pockets and extensive, generalized bone loss involving the permanent dentition.61-63 Bone resorption may be seen in the deciduous dentition.64,65 Leukemia. Periodontal lesions have been frequently observed in patients with leukemia, particularly those with an acute form. Generalized gingival enlargement was apparent in 36% of the individuals with acute and in 10% of those with chronic forms.66 Gingival swelling due to infiltration by leukemic cells is a feature of acute monocytic leukemic.67 Gingival bleeding is also a common sign of the disease in both acute and chronic leukemia and may relate to the associated thrombocytopenia.68 Downs Syndrome. Patients with Down syndrome show a generalized early periodontitis, which commences in the deciduous dentition69,70 and continues into the adult dentition. The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in individuals with Down syndrome is exceedingly high in comparison to their siblings71 or other mentally subnormal persons.70 Several studies have reported increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in children of older age groups.69,70 The periodontal destruction is most commonly seen around the incisor and molar teeth.69 The short roots of the mandibular incisors72 and the bone loss in the mandibular anterior region, can lead to the premature loss of these teeth.70 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome. Defects in numbers of cell-cell adhesion receptors on the neutrophil surface may lead to increased inclination to periodontitis and other infectious diseases in conditions such as leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome.73 Young patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome present with severe inflammatory periodontal disease.74-76 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease. The disease is generally fatal and children with deficiencies in expression of the leukocyte function associated family of adhesins suffer from severe periodontal infections.73 Papillon-Lefà ¨vre Syndrome. Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome is a disease with autosomal recessive inheritance.77 The disease shows signs of diffuse palmar-plantar keratosis with a severe generalized periodontitis, usually seen before puberty with early loss of deciduous and permanent teeth.78-80 A frequency of 1 in 4 million in the general population has been reported.80 25% have been reported to have an increased susceptibility to infection, and 33% have a history of consanguinity.79 Teeth are normally lost in the order of eruption.79 Haim Munk syndrome is also characterized by presence of palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe early-onset periodontitis. Genetic studies of the diseases exhibiting palmoplantar keratosis and early-onset periodontitis suggested that the gene defect in Haim Munk syndrome is not genetically linked to the more common forms of palmoplantar keratosis.81 It has been reported that there is a high degree of consanguinity in these families and that they are most likely part of the similar syndrome.82 Chediak-Higashi Syndrome. Chediak-Higashi syndrome is as an autosomal recessive disease associated with severe periodontitis.83,84 The people suffering from this disease are extremely susceptible to bacterial infections Neutrophil chemotaxis and bactericidal functions are abnormal in these patients. Generalized, severe gingivitis, extensive loss of alveolar bone, and premature loss of teeth are features commonly seen.85 Histiocytosis Syndromes. This group of diseases includes may affect infants, children, and adults. The periodontal lesions may clinically resemble necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis lesions. The lesions are punched-out necrotic ulcers with considerable granulation tissue, tissue necrosis, and marked bone loss. Biopsy of the granulation tissue can help in diagnosing the condition.86 Skeletal surveys and chest radiographs will assist in determining the extent of the disease. Glycogen storage disease. This is an autosomal recessive condition associated with defective carbohydrate metabolism. Clinical features include reduced neutrophil numbers, impaired neutrophil function and periodontal disease.87,88 Infantile genetic agranulocytosis. This disease presents with severe neutropenia and has been linked with periodontitis similar to the early-onset form. This is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.89,90 Cohens syndrome. This is also an autosomal recessive condition is characterized frequent and extensive alveolar bone loss.88 The patients also suffer from non-progressive mental and motor retardation, obesity, dysmorphia, and neutropenia.91 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is autosomal dominant disorder. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is classified into 10 types and is characterized by defective collagen synthesis. Types IV and VIII have an increased susceptibility to periodontitis.92 Type VIII is linked with fragile oral mucosa and blood vessels. It is also associated with severe generalized periodontitis with manifestation of generalized early-onset periodontitis.93 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIII has clinical similarity to the early-onset form, causing premature loss of permanent teeth.94 Hypophosphatasia. Patients present with decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels. There is severe loss of alveolar bone and premature loss of the deciduous teeth.95-97 Premature loss of deciduous dentition primarily involves anterior region.97 Table 7 Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases Associated with hematological disorders: Acquired neutropenia; Leukemias; Others. Associated with genetic disorders: Familial and cyclic neutropenia; Downs syndrome; Leukocyte adherence deficiency syndrome; Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome; Chediak-Higashi syndrome; Histocytosis syndromes; Glycogen storage disease; Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; Cohen syndrome; Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Types IV and VIII); Hypophosphatasia. Not Otherwise specified Necrotizing periodontal diseases: Necrotizing periodontal disease

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills Among the other four skills, listening is the one that has been most forgotten and neglected in second language classrooms. So teachers dont pay much attention to this skill and teach it carelessly. In the field of language teaching and learning proficiency has tended to be viewed as the ability of speaking and writing in language in question. Listening and reading skills are in the second position. One reason for this situation might be the demanding characteristic of the listening skill. Listening has gained a new importance in language classrooms after spreading IT technology based information in society in Iran. Moreover it should be mentioned that most of the students class time is devoted to the listening. Despite this, we often take importance of listening for granted, and it is the most overlooked skill among other skills. In natural order of learning any language, listening stands at first rank. Without any reception one can not produce anything. Though, if a teacher wants t o have fluent and productive students, he/she should pay much and necessary attention to teaching listening skill. Listening Some of the teachers believe that speaking should be actively discouraged. One of the reasons of emphasizing listening and delaying speaking is based on an opinion. Those who give importance to speaking view the language as a product and think that language is a behavior and speaking is the manifestation of this learning or happening. On the contrary, there are approaches that gave more importance to listening Nation, Newton (2009). in this approach of language learning , listening is at the center. All of the information necessary for building up the knowledge for using language comes from receptive skills: listening, and reading. When the knowledge of language in this regard is built the learner can write and speak. In other words, with out any input, the outcome or output should be nothing. Gray and Gray (1981) described the benefits of delaying speaking and concentrating on listening. These benefits include the following: 1. The learner is not overloaded by having to focus on two or more skills at the same time-a cognitive benefit. 2. Speed of coverage -receptive knowledge grows faster than productive knowledge. 3. It is easy to move very quickly to realistic communicative listening activities. 4. L earners will not feel shy or worried about their language classes. Having to speak a foreign language, particularly when you know very little, can be a frightening experience. 5. Listening activities are well studied to independent learning through listening to readings. Critics believe that producing a language is not sufficient for learning. In language learning substantial quantities of receptive activity should be included in the mind for future use. To speak communicatively and to convey and understand the meaning, one should have a previous language knowledge and information in his/her mind. Models of listening Traditionally listening was viewed as a passive skill through which the listener or hearer received information sent by message senders. More recently listening is viewed as an active and interpretive process by which the message is not fixed but is made or created by participants. (Newton,Nation.2009) Types of listening According to Nation and Newton (2009) there are two types of listening: 1. One-way listening-typically associated with the transfer of information. 2. Two-listening- typically associated with maintaining social relations. As it is understood, in the first type of listening one can listen to monologues which are one way productions without any pause and stop to clarification. While in two-way listening both sides of interaction are active in a natural sounding dialogues. Listening process One of the listening processes is bottom-up one. In this process the message goes from the parts to the whole by piece. In this process the listener uses information which is already present in data. The other process in listening is top -down process. As Nation and Newton (2009) state this process involves the listener in inferencing. The listener goes from whole to parts. Listeners previous knowledge or information and his /her content of schemata help him/her to predict what the message will be. According to the above mentioned processes, listening is not a single skill but as a variety of sub-skills (Nation, Newton, 2009). So listening comprehension is a top-down approach which focuses on meaning and need much care and attention. Problems with traditional model There are a lot of problems with traditional models of teaching listening skills. In old methods of teaching the responsibility of learning were not upon the shoulders of the students. Teachers set goals. Chose material and control the equipments. There were little room for students preferences. the fact that the teacher still tends to choose the material becomes even harder to justify now that a wide range of spoken language is available to students outside the language classroom through a satellite TV and the internet (Goodith White, 2006). some of the teachers of this model , and learners are regarded as passive over-hearers rather than active participants in the listening process. They are often listening to audio or video tape which they can not stop. In order to clarify and solve the comprehension problems, it is necessary for them to integrate or interact with the speakers. In real life situations, listeners play an active and important role in dialogues and speech acts. They show interest, ask questions, ask for repetitions, and cause the speakers to modify some parts. Some ways of improving the teaching of listening It seems clear that the way of teaching listening needs to be modified and changed. In order to engage the students in the subject and make them active in the learning process some of the traditional problems of regarding models of teaching listening should be avoided. It is better to allow students to: 1.choose what they listen to 2. make their own listening text 3. control their equipment 4. give the instructions 5. design their own listening task 6. reflect on their problems in listening(White,2006). Goals for teaching and learning listening White (1998) states the listening skill goals as: -understanding short utterances on a literal semantic level -understanding interactive discourse -understanding the functional/illocutionary force of an utterance -interpreting utterances in terms of the situation -resolving comprehension problems by seeking help from the speaker -remembering input, monitoring, and evaluating how well one is understanding. Conclusion I tried to persuade the readers through these pages that the methodology for teaching listening needs to be changed. All aspects of listening skills should be covered and lead to true competence in listening with in a communicative competence framework. Suggestion is to deal with the listening in a more task based area of attention and authenticity of listening materials needs to be at the center of attention. Students and listeners should be encouraged to take more responsibility for developing their listening ability.

Cuba, Spain, and the Road to Independence :: essays research papers

Cuba, Spain, and the Road to Independence During the Little War, fought for the independence of Cuba, Spain used propaganda to cast that the war was not a struggle for national independence but one for black supremacy. Spain manipulated the idea of a national war, with the objective to fight colonialism, into a race war with the objective of blacks uprising against whites. Cuban independence activists, therefore, campaigned diligently—mainly through writing—to negate Spain’s representations. Writings of the Ten Years War were conceived as lessons or guidelines to help pave way to a new revolution. Writings also helped reevaluate the image of the black insurgent into one that was more heroic and less threatening than that of the image depicted by Spain. Like their white counterparts, writers of color were critical in constructing these representations, but theirs were more active for black citizenship and therefore, differed from the portrayals of the passive insurgent created by white intellectuals. What ever the difference in representation however, the writings of the harmless black insurgent as well as the nation’s struggle for independence, where blacks fought alongside with whites in union, invalidated Spain’s arguments about the racial dangers of rebellion and the impossibility of Cuban nationhood. Essays and memoirs of the Ten Years War were written by authors who saw their works as writings for a new generation of Cubans. They sought to motivate patriotism with stories of courageousness, and achieve new successes through the telling of past mistakes and failures. They wanted to depict the first war in a way that would inspire activists to prepare for the next one, and by doing so, writings of the old war became a medium in which the course of a new revolt would be influenced. Writing then became more then just words on paper; it became a weapon that was fundamental to the strategy of insurgency (115). Spain, in an attempt to suppress insurgency, was spreading the propaganda that if Cuba revolted, its colored supporters would transform the struggle for an independent republic into a racial domination by blacks. Therefore a strategy was needed to reevaluate the black insurgent who was depicted by Spain as the leader of the dreaded race war and the black republic. Through reexamination, separatist writers were able to neutralize that figure into an acceptable component in the making of the Cuban nation. One transformation is of a slave named Ramon, who went from being the cause of the death of Carlos Cepedes’, the leader of the first insurrection, to a faithful and trustworthy servant.

Blogs are Here to Stay Essay -- Blog Blogs Blogging Weblog Web Log

Blogs: Fad or Here To Stay? The question is, are blogs here to stay or are they just a fad? To answer this question, one must understand what a blog is exactly. There are many definitions for a blog. One source defines blog simply as â€Å"an online Journal (Glossary of Terms).† That is one of the less complex definitions. Another source wrote â€Å"Contraction from the term Web Log. This is an online diary or journal which is published and shared with others on the web by an individual, who is known as a ‘blogger’. Blogging has now become a very popular publishing method on the web as the software does not require any technical knowledge to use and this has the potential to move into the corporate world soon (Alba).† Basically anyone who wants to can create a blog. Bloggers can write about almost anything in their blog, but they usually are about personal life. They also write about world issues, their feelings on a topic, and now even various corporations use t hem to advertise their companies. Although a lot of people use blogs, some these days, are anti-bloggers. These people refuse to set up a blog for their own personal life because they feel it is corny. They find it too computer nerdy and think it is another thing for dorks to get addicted to. They are very wrong because many people of all ages and types create blogs online. I myself don’t have my own blog set up, but am not out to make fun of those who do. Besides the simple blog that most users set up to share their personal thoughts and experiences, companies now put them on their websites to create more revenue. There are actually seminars out there that help business owners create a blog and reasons why they should have one. ... ...tay and that is a fact. Those who hate blogs will have to get used to it. Works Cited Alba, Rosetta. Webmentor Glossary. April 25, 2005. Blogging is Here to Stay, According to WordBiz.com Survey. March 28, 2004. April 25, 2005. Coggins, Sheila. Who Reads Blogs? April 25, 2005. Glossary of Terms. April 24, 2005. Moffatt, Brian. Why Do We Blog? November 30, 2004. April 24, 2005. ROI Of Business Blogging. WordBiz Report. April 24, 2005.

Film and Tv Essay

Film and TV Essay (U31, U33) Unit 31 â€Å"Film editing is now something almost everyone can do at a simple level and enjoy it, but to take it to a higher level require teh dedication and persistence that any art form does. † Walter Murch[1] The History Of Editing (L. O. 1. 1. , L. O. 1. 2. ) Editing in early cinema was very basic and linear yet despite this it must have been one of the most exciting times in the film industry. Filmmakers had all the creative freedom at their finger tips as no one had created any rules or knew how to shoot a movie.The pioneers of film are the Lumiere brothers who were the first people to ever record moving images from a camera in 1895. The simplicity of their first movie was incredible with a camera set outside a factory and workers streaming out of the front door. It was in black and white, had no sound and had no cuts and yet thousands of people flooded to the cinema to see these images. However from this one simple film came every single mo tion picture and television show so their innovation should never be forgotten.In the years to follow came the birth of the first genres with â€Å"A Trip To The Moon†, the first Sc-Fi shot in 1902 and directed by Georges Melies. It was based on H. G. Wells â€Å"The First Men In The Moon† . It was followed in 1903 by Edwin S. Porter’s â€Å"The Great Train Robbery† , the first Western. Even in this short time period cinema had evolved significantly to include cuts, animation, visual effects and even colour in certain frames although this had to be achieved by manually painting on to the actual film strip.At this stage film was becoming rapidly more popular with the general public and by the 1930’s Hollywood started creating some of the first â€Å"Classic Hollywood† motion pictures we know today, such as Howard Hawks’ 1932 â€Å"Scarface†. The introduction of Hollywood cinema dramatically increased the size that a film product ion could be and with increased investment it meant more actors, bigger production teams and more distribution to the rest of the world. If you look back at the timeline of cinema from 1895-present (2013) and find the halfway point you could argue that cinema had reached its peak in the form of AlfredHitchcock. Alfred Hitchcock is arguably the most famous and influential directors of all time. His masterpiece, the 1960 â€Å"Psycho†, created the first movie that used editing to truly terrify people, using long tracking shots with ominous music to draw the audience into the scene before using quick cuts at the peak of suspense to send movie goers running out of the cinema in terror. After this came the post modernist era. This saw directors such as Quentin Tarantino, Ridley Scott and Martin Scorsese break onto to the scene. However another leviathan of cinema emerged in this period in the form of Steven Spielberg.The advances in technology meant that cinema was becoming more d igital so CGI started to play a big factor in all mainstream Hollywood editing and Spielberg utilized this in his films such as â€Å"Jurassic Park† (1993) â€Å"Saving Private Ryan† (1998) and â€Å"Indiana Jones Temple Of Doom† (1984) with millions of dollars spent in post production effects. Finally we have everything in the present day. Editing in modern cinema is playing a bigger and bigger factor in films with many of todays blockbusters seeing quick cuts with multiple cameras and a larger amount of footage being shot in-front of a green screen.The Development Of Genre Specific Editing (L. O. 1. 2. , L. O. 1. 3. ) Why is it every genre has a different feel to it? How can you tell that you are watching a western and not a comedy? The main answer is editing. Editing is the most crucial factor in deciding the pace of the film. Different techniques and styles are used in the editing of each individual genre. This is because each genre brings with it different audiences who want different forms of entertainment.For example people who enjoy Romantic Comedies tend to be teenagers want to be filled with a sense of happiness and probably just want a film that is not too intense and is easy to follow yet thoroughly enjoyable. So with this knowledge it is not surprising that Romantic Comedies are famous for young glamorous actors, having a soundtrack with current music fresh from the charts, shooting in non treating locations and having basic cuts that are neither too long or too short. It is interesting to compare this to a Thriller. Thrillers tend to attract males from 15 years and over.People who watch Thrillers want to be entertained by a hero protagonist fighting against some sort of evil enemy in exotic countries with lots of violence and action. So editors of thrillers will know to include quick cuts using multiple cameras, using an exciting, usually orchestral, soundtrack and putting in multiple sound and visual effects of explosions an d car chases. Having an editor with a very clear grasp of how to change their style of editing depending upon the genre of the film is vital in any production crew. Unit 33 â€Å"The essence of cinema is editing.It’s the combination of what can be extraordinary images of people during emotional moments’ or images in a general sense, put together in a kind of alchemy† Francis Ford Coppola[2] TV Production Editing (L. O. 1. 1. , L. O. 1. 2. ) Breaking Bad †This is the first day of the rest of your life, but what kind of life will it be, huh? Will it be a life of fear, of â€Å"Oh, no no no I can't do this†? Of never once believing in yourself? † Walter White[3] Walter White is a ordinary High School Chemistry teacher that has been diagnosed with lung cancer and wants something to leave for his family.This and the want to live on the wild side makes him a meth drug lord. †Breaking bad has been hailed by critics as one of the best TV series' ever created. â€Å"Breaking Bad† increases that cognitive dissonance, turning some viewers into not merely fans but enablers. † Emily Nussbaum[4]. Breaking Bad blurs the lines between what you feel is just and good and breaks the conventions of a TV show based round a family where it it is clear to see that no one is perfect and everyone has individual flaws that create their character. This is a very deliberate decision that Executive Producer and creator Vince Gilligan made.Watching Breaking Bad you rarely feel that you are looking at famous Hollywood actors but instead real people that have found themselves in terrible situations. This is something that also comes off often in the editing as during scenes of character development or scenes with deep emotions there is no score playing in the background no real sound coming from anywhere apart from the space that the character is occupying with very few cuts with little camera movement so the audience can capture the real emotion of the situation. This ‘lack’ of editing can be more effective than having many different camera angles.This editing technique fits well into the Crime Drama genre well as it does not distract from the plot which is often complicated which means the audience has a much better chance of following the and therefore enjoying the storyline more. However throughout the episodes we also see evidence of very creative and artist editing and camera work. this is most effective in the montage sequences were meth is being cooked. This way the audience gets a brief glimpse into how complex the method is and get a good feel of the time it takes to make the meth without having to sit through each individual stage and watch the whole process.There is no doubt in my mind that Breaking Bad will go down in history as one of the greatest TV Programs of all time. The absence of obvious editing makes it feel like you are actually in the scenes with the characters living their emotions. Vince Gilligan's style of storytelling fits perfectly with the way he has chosen to edit this production. He has brought a new feel to the Crime Drama. One that makes you feel that even the most ordinary person can become extraordinary if they believe in what they have and they have a plan to back it up. The Wire â€Å"A life, Jimmy, you know what that is?It's the s**t that happens while you're waiting for moments that never come. † Freamon[5] The plot and storyline of The Wire is so clever and captivating that you can actually do a degree in it. Many who claim to be The Wire fans will argue that there has never been nor ever will be a better TV program made. And with the captivating storyline, emotionally complex yet lovable characters it is hard to argue otherwise. Like Breaking Bad, The Wire is a Crime Drama so similarly there is a lot of intricate dialogue which focuses heavily on character development and plot development.However unlike Vince Gilligan David Sim on has decided to edit his clips more heavily. There are scenes that defiantly have few cut so the audience can understand the emotions that are occurring in the scene. How it differs from Breaking Bad by also looking closely at the complex relationships that many of the characters have whether they be in the work place, in the pub or at home. To edit these scenes David Simon decided to cut between over the shoulder MCU’s. I feel this was a better way to edit these clips then just long uncut shots as it gives the feel that the people in the scene are interacting with each other more.Also it fits well with some of the witty comebacks that have been written into the script as people retort to any allegations being made against them. As the series progresses we see how relationships are made and broken down by the pressure that the characters find themselves in. it is interesting to see how the strength of the relationship that the characters have with each other on screen effec ts the editing. For example if a characters relationship is good we see less cuts between cameras. This helps the audience feel the comfort the two have with each other and how it is a very unthreatening scene.If the two characters on screen have a poor or hostile relationship you will notice that more cuts are brought in to show the anger or disgust on each characters face. However having quick cuts between cameras does not always mean that the relationship that the two characters have is poor, it can be quite the opposite as quick cuts accompanied with quirky or cheery music in the background can show that the characters are having a good time. As far as the sound in The Wire goes its again pretty minimal with not too many special sound effects and no unnecessary score.What it does do how ever is use a very clever diversity of Jazz and Rock songs throughout the entirety of each episode. David Simon chose very specific songs to try and create the feel that you were in the Baltimore area. Giving a very realistic and authentic feel to the footage you were seeing. This technique really puts the audience in the scene as they can relate the music playing to what is happening in the scene. The Wires success lies in showing how the relationships between people and institutions develop and David Simon has done a fantastic job of showing that through his editing. Film Production Editing (L. O. . 1. , L. O. 1. 2. ) Reservoir Dogs †I don't wanna kill anybody. But if I gotta get out that door, and you're standing in my way, one way or the other, you're gettin' outta my way. † Mr. White[6] In my mind Reservoir Dogs is Tarantino’s masterpiece. It is one of my all time favorite films and a large part of its popularity is the control of its pace. Reservoir Dogs was edited by Sally Menke who was famous for working along side Quentin Tarantino to create some of his great motion pictures including Inglorious Bastards and Pulp Fiction. When you compare these t hree films together it is obvious they have the same editor.We see the same long uncut tracking and panning shots in all three of these films. As far as genre specific-editing, Sally Menke has tried to use editing techniques to utilize the great and enjoyable aspects of a gangster film. For example to draw the audiences attention to the intricate dialogue and complex plot we see long uncut shots so we don’t get distracted by too many different camera angles. This is a technique used across may genres but perhaps used most effectively in the gangster genre as the long uncut shots gives the audience time to read the expressions seen across the faces of all the characters as their story unfolds.Reservoir Dogs like many other gangsters have very long and wordy scripts. This means that the main audio focus will be on the dialogue between characters as the audience explores the mind set of these gangsters. However an editing technique that we find in all of Tarintino’s movie s is associating characters to songs and how it makes the audience think more deeply about what they think these criminals often showing a more human side to them that people can relate to. This is most evident in the torture scene between Mr.Blonde and the police officer when just before we see Mr. Blonde about to mutilate and then set fire to the police officer he puts on the radio and starts to dance. I think Reservoir Dogs is such a great film as unlike many films today Tarintino understands that over editing takes away from the enjoyment of the cinema experience. I feel that directors over edit because they don’t trust the look and substance of the material they already have so they feel the need to add cheap effects and try to came up with as many cuts between artistic shots as possible.However it may be this reason that so many gangsters have been edited successfully as the characters, emotion and narrative is usually so interesting that it could captivate an audience even if there was no visuals whatsoever. Alien â€Å"Final report of the commercial starship Nostromo, third officer reporting. The other members of the crew, Kane, Lambert, Parker, Brett, Ash and Captain Dallas, are dead. Cargo and ship destroyed. I should reach the frontier in about six weeks. With a little luck, the network will pick me up.This is Ripley, last survivor of the Nostromo, signing off. † Ripley[7] Like Quentin Tarantino, Ridley Scott used the same editor (Terry Rawlings) in his early career and it was with the assistance of Terry Rawlings that he was able to create some of his great masterpieces such as Bladerunner, Legend and arguably most famously Alien. Looking at Terry’s career we can see that he a real specialist in editing tense movies full of suspense. It is probably because of this that Ridley Scott chose him to be editor of Alien.Alien’s success must be put down partly to how masterfully it was edited, keeping the audience on the edge of their seats and making sure their hearts never left their mouths. It was a challenge to edit Alien as due to the lack of Effective CGI at the time it had to be shot using real props and costumes. However this meant that showing too much of the Alien for an extended length of time would reveal to the audience how fake the costume looked. For suspense and tension to reach their peak only brief glimpses of the Alien could be seen at any one time.This is a very deliberate editing technique as if the audience can not see the creature they have no idea how gruesome or horrifying it really could be mean their imaginations will run wild and they will create their own monster in their mind which is a much more terrifying thought than simply it being shown within the first 20 minutes of the film. Another Element which is interesting to note in Alien is the use of sound and music to create the suspense that you feel the whole way through the movie.One of the most important things you can reme mber when editing a movie is that its not always how much sound you use but when you chose to use it. Alien is a prime example of this as Ridley deliberately just had the diagetic sound that you saw through the camera in the background instead of adding a score and multiple sound effects. This isa very clever editing technique as he recognized that humans are most uncomorftanble when they are bathed in silence. This lack of sound means that the audience tension reaches a peak just before the Alien appears when the human fear of loud noises kicks in.Upon the reveal of the Alien there would be a sudden burst of sound and music. We hear the screech from the Alien the screams for the crew and a large orchestra starting to play in the background. The combination of these two things is one of the most used editing techniques in the horror genre. It is used to disorientate the audience to make the feel as vulnerable as possible to create maximum terror. Alien is the perfect template of how to edit a Sc-Fi Horror. The combination of the visual and audio techniques combine to make one of the most watched horrors of all time.Conclusion In investigating I have discovered how editing has played such a vital role in the creation of some of the greatest TV and Film Productions ever made. Being an editor may not be the most glamorous job in Hollywood but after writing this essay I now understand that it is one of the most important. ———————– [1] Walter Murch – 1983 [2] Francis Ford Coppola – 1983 [3] A No-Rough-Stuff Type Deal Season 1 Episode 7 [4] Emily Nussbaum – The New Yorker August 27th 2012 [5] The Wire Season 1 Episode 8 [6] Reservoir Dogs 1992 [7] Alien 1979